The creation of a joint using a filler (welding rod) of similar composition to the metal being joined, using electricity to generate an arc.

The creation of a joint using a filler of similar composition to the metal being joined gives rise to fumes from the electrode coatings, metallic oxides, any paint or surface contaminant and possibly to ozone and nitrogen oxides.

Mixing cement, sand and water. Mixing lime putty, sand and water, Using mortar for bricklaying and similar processes. Mixing cement with aggregate to form concrete. Using plaster-based fillers such as Polyfilla

Thermoplastic materials are joined using a jet of hot air to melt and fuse the plastics material. A filler rod of the same material may be used to reinforce the joint.