The heating or bonding of materials to form shapes which can then be finished to provide a 3 dimensional representation of a CAD image.

The forming of shapes, possibly incorporating irregular and variable cross-section, by the application of localised heat which allows relatively easy transformation by mechanically- or physically-applied effort.

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Milling: The removal of material to provide a finished form of close tolerance and good surface finish. Milling may be used to form flat surfaces, grooves or recesses.